--- title: "How the Texas Survey System Works | Township America" description: "A complete guide to the Texas Survey System (TXSS), how Texas describes land using Abstract numbers, Block & Section grids, and Survey-name descriptions instead of the federal PLSS, and why." url: https://townshipamerica.com/learn/txss/how-txss-works --- [ Back to Texas Survey System ](/learn/txss) Texas Survey System # How the Texas Survey System Works A complete guide to the Texas Survey System (TXSS), how Texas describes land using Abstract numbers, Block & Section grids, and Survey-name descriptions instead of the federal PLSS, and why. # How the Texas Survey System Works The **Texas Survey System (TXSS)** is the framework used to describe and identify land in the state of Texas. Unlike the 30 states that fall under the federal [Public Land Survey System (PLSS)](/learn/plss/how-plss-works), Texas runs its own land system, administered by the **Texas General Land Office (GLO)** in Austin, on a foundation of Spanish, Mexican, Republic-of-Texas, and railroad-era surveys that predate US statehood. If you work with land in Texas, landmen in the Permian Basin, title agents in East Texas, surveyors and GIS analysts anywhere from the Panhandle to the Rio Grande Valley, you encounter TXSS descriptions daily. They look nothing like PLSS notation. There is no Township 4 North, no Range 5 East, no Section 12\. Instead you see references like **A-123 Reeves County**, **Block 5, Sec 14, T&P Survey**, or **John Smith Survey, Bexar County**. This guide explains the history that produced TXSS, how the three description shapes work, and where the system applies. ## [A Brief History: Why Texas Is Different](#a-brief-history-why-texas-is-different) Every other US state west of the Appalachians uses PLSS. The reason Texas does not is historical: * **Before 1836**: Texas was part of New Spain (until 1821), then Mexico. Spanish and Mexican authorities granted land in **leagues** and **labors**, named after the original grantee. * **1836–1845**: The Republic of Texas was an independent country. It surveyed and granted its own public land through its own General Land Office. * **December 29, 1845**: Texas joined the United States, but under unique terms. **Texas kept ownership of its remaining public lands** instead of ceding them to the federal government. * **Result**: When the rest of the US was being surveyed under PLSS during the 19th century, Texas was issuing its own land patents through its own GLO using surveys done by Spanish, Mexican, Republic, State, and railroad surveyors. Modern Texas land descriptions still trace back to those original surveys. The system is interpretive rather than uniform: each grant defines its own polygon, with boundaries set by the original surveyor's field notes, not by a regular grid. ## [The Three Shapes of a TXSS Description](#the-three-shapes-of-a-txss-description) A Texas legal description shows up in one of three shapes depending on the region and the era of the original grant. ### [1\. Abstract-only](#%5F1-abstract-only) ``` A-123 Reeves County, TX Abstract 250, Bowie County ``` The **abstract number** is a unique identifier the Texas GLO assigned to each original land grant within a county. Counties number their abstracts independently, so `A-123` in Reeves County is a different parcel than `A-123` in Bowie County. Where it's used: East Texas (Piney Woods), the Coastal Bend, and counties where original grants were small and irregular. For a deep dive, see [Texas Abstracts](/learn/txss/abstracts). ### [2\. Block & Section](#%5F2-block-section) ``` Block 5, Sec 14, T&P Survey, Reeves County Blk 13 Sec 9 H&TC Survey, Loving County ``` In **West Texas**, the Permian Basin, the Trans-Pecos, and the Panhandle, railroads received massive land grants in the late 1800s and surveyed them into **blocks** containing numbered **sections**. The block-and-section grid resembles PLSS visually, but each block belongs to a specific railroad survey (T&P, H&TC, GC&SF, etc.) rather than a principal meridian. Where it's used: Permian Basin oil and gas country, the Trans-Pecos, the Panhandle, and North Texas railroad-grant counties. For the railroad survey reference, see [Blocks and Sections](/learn/txss/blocks-and-sections). ### [3\. Survey-name](#%5F3-survey-name) ``` John Smith Survey, Bexar County W. H. Jenkins Survey, Karnes County ``` In **South Texas** and parts of Central Texas, many descriptions reference the survey by the name of the person it was originally granted to. These are often **leagues** (\~4,428.4 acres) or **labors** (\~177.1 acres), units inherited from the Spanish colonial era. Where it's used: South Texas, the Rio Grande Valley, the Coastal Bend, and counties along the historic Camino Real. For the colonial-era context, see [Surveys, Leagues, and Labors](/learn/txss/surveys-and-leagues). ## [The TXSS Hierarchy](#the-txss-hierarchy) Unlike the PLSS hierarchy (meridian → township → section → quarter → quarter-quarter), TXSS is flatter and varies by region: ``` TEXAS GENERAL LAND OFFICE │ ▼ ┌─────────────────────────┐ │ COUNTY │ (Texas has 254, more than any other state) │ │ │ ┌────────────────────┐ │ │ │ ABSTRACT or │ │ │ │ SURVEY or │ │ (Whichever applies to that region) │ │ BLOCK + SECTION │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌──────────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ (irregular │ │ │ │ │ │ parcels, │ │ │ (Lots, tracts, easements live below │ │ │ not │ │ │ the survey level; not in TXSS itself) │ │ │ standard) │ │ │ │ │ └──────────────┘ │ │ │ └────────────────────┘ │ └─────────────────────────┘ ``` Critically, **acreage is not standardized**. A PLSS section is always 640 acres. A Texas parcel can be anywhere from a few acres (small East Texas grant) to tens of thousands (Panhandle ranch grant). Each abstract has its own polygon, and acreage is computed from that polygon, not inferred from the description shape. ## [The Four RRC Regions](#the-four-rrc-regions) Texas is divided into four regions by the **Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC)**, which regulates oil and gas in the state. Each region tends to favor a different TXSS convention, which helps when you are trying to parse an unfamiliar description: | Region | Common Convention | Example Description | | ---------------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------- | | West (Permian, Trans-Pecos) | Block & Section | Block 5, T&P RR Co. Survey, Sec 14, Reeves County | | North (Panhandle, Red River) | Mixed Block / Abstract | A-101 Dallam County, TX | | South (Coastal Bend, RGV) | Survey-name (leagues / labors) | John Smith Survey, Bexar County | | East (Piney Woods) | Abstract-only | Abstract 250, Bowie County, TX | These are tendencies, not rules. A single county can use multiple conventions, Reeves County, for example, uses Block & Section for the T&P railroad lands and Abstract-only for smaller grants. ## [How TXSS Differs from PLSS](#how-txss-differs-from-plss) For PLSS users coming over to Texas, the conceptual map looks like this: | PLSS Concept | TXSS Equivalent | | -------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- | | Principal Meridian | (none), Texas doesn't use meridians | | Township (6×6 miles) | (none), Texas doesn't use townships | | Section (1 sq mi) | Block + Section number, **or** Abstract, **or** Survey name | | Quarter Section | (not standard), Texas parcels are often irregular | | County | County (Texas has 254 counties, more than any other state) | | Acreage | Varies, TXSS parcels are not standardized | A PLSS section is always 640 acres (give or take correction). A Texas abstract or survey can be anywhere from a few acres to tens of thousands, depending on the original grant. ## [The Texas General Land Office (GLO)](#the-texas-general-land-office-glo) The [Texas General Land Office](https://www.glo.texas.gov) is the official custodian of Texas land records. It is the oldest state agency in Texas, predating statehood, and maintains: * **Original survey plats**: Hand-drawn maps from the 1830s through today * **Field notes**: The surveyors' notes describing terrain, boundaries, and grant details * **Patent files**: Original land grant documents (Spanish, Mexican, Republic, State) * **County abstract maps**: Modern compilations of all abstracts in each Texas county Every TXSS legal description ultimately traces back to a GLO record. When Township America's resolver answers a query like `A-123 Reeves County`, it is matching that abstract number against the GLO polygon for Reeves County. ## [The Texas Railroad Commission (RRC)](#the-texas-railroad-commission-rrc) The [Texas Railroad Commission](https://www.rrc.texas.gov) regulates oil and gas drilling, production, and surface operations in Texas. Although the agency's name suggests railroads, today its primary job is oil and gas. RRC filings, drilling permits, well headers, production reports, reference TXSS descriptions to locate the operations: ``` 660 FNL, 660 FEL, T.J. Borden Survey, Abs. 89, Upton County, Texas ``` This means **660 feet from the north line, 660 feet from the east line** of the named survey, Texas's equivalent of a footage call on a PLSS section, but referenced from survey lines rather than section lines. ## [Where PLSS Appears in Texas Work](#where-plss-appears-in-texas-work) Even though TXSS governs most Texas land, **PLSS descriptions appear in three specific contexts** that professionals encounter regularly: 1. **Federal land in West Texas**, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and US Forest Service parcels in the Trans-Pecos and Davis Mountains region carry PLSS descriptions under the **New Mexico Principal Meridian**. 2. **Cross-state Permian Basin operations**, The New Mexico side of the Delaware Basin uses PLSS; the Texas side uses TXSS. Operators work both systems simultaneously. 3. **Panhandle border references**, The Oklahoma Panhandle, immediately north of the Texas Panhandle, uses the Cimarron Meridian. Royalty interests and surface agreements that span the state line carry both descriptions. For PLSS work in any of those contexts, see the [PLSS System](/learn/plss/how-plss-works) explainer. ## [Converting TXSS Descriptions](#converting-txss-descriptions) Township America's converter accepts every TXSS shape transparently, no Texas mode, no separate workflow. You can paste an Abstract, a Block & Section, or a Survey-name description into the same search box as a PLSS description and get a centroid, polygon, and acreage back. The [Texas converter hub](/texas) provides a county-by-county directory of all 254 Texas counties. For practical conversion examples, see [Convert Texas Abstract to GPS Coordinates](/guides/convert-texas-abstract-to-coordinates). [Open the Texas converter hub →](/texas) [Open the Texas converter hub](/texas) ### More Texas Survey System Guides [Texas Abstracts, The County-Scoped Land IDHow abstract numbers work in the Texas Survey System, what an abstract is, where they came from, how they are numbered, and how they differ from PLSS section references.](/learn/txss/abstracts)[Blocks and Sections, How Texas Railroad Surveys Grid the LandHow the Block & Section convention works in West Texas, railroad land grants from the 1850s–1880s, the major surveys (T&P, H&TC, GC&SF), and how to read and disambiguate Block & Section references.](/learn/txss/blocks-and-sections)[The Texas Survey SystemDeep-dive explainers on how the Texas Survey System (TXSS) works: abstracts, blocks, sections, railroad surveys, and Spanish/Mexican leagues across all 254 Texas counties.](/learn/txss)